MLA Citation
Format
MLA documentation format has two steps: a works cited
page and parenthetical citations.
The works cited page lists the
sources used in writing the paper.
The parenthetical citations
make specific references to the page(s) in the source which were used for the
information preceding the citation.
Parenthetical
citations
The parenthetical citations document the research by
citing in the text the author
and page number—if applicable—of the researched work.
The parenthetical citation is
generally formed by using the first item—the unindented item—in the works
cited entry and the page number on which the information being cited was
found, if the source is a non-electronic print source.
Generally use the author's
last name and the page number on which the information being cited was found,
as in (Davon 22).
Do not put any punctuation
between the name and the page number.
If the source is electronic or
non-print, such as a television show or movie, use only the first item—the
unindented item, as in (Davon).
If there is
no author, use the first item, such as the title of a work, in a
shortened
form that is easily connected to the entry in the reference list.
If the first item is a chapter
or article title, put that title in quotation marks
in the reference citation, as
in ("Other" 88).
Omit the page number if the
source comes from an electronic or non-print source, as in (“Radiant”).
Commonly use the first item
from the works cited list, usually the author’s or authors’ names, in the text
with the page following the information, as in David O’Hara says that no
animals will be killed in the hunt (88).
If the source is electronic,
then there would be no page number following the information, as in David
O’Hara says that no animals will be killed in the hunt.
Works Cited
List
The works cited list is arranged alphabetically at the
end of the paper.
1. Each source in the list is
referred to as an “entry.”
2. Each piece of information
in an “entry” is an “item,” such as the
author’s full name, the title
of the work, the copyright date, etc.
3. The page is entitled Works
Cited.
Print sources
General entry guidelines:
In the MLA format, the items
are arranged in this order (with exceptions for specialized entries, where
more or different information is required):
author (last name, first name).
“Title of Work Within Work.”
Title of Original Source (underlined)
Date of original source (day, month year)
Title of Entire Work. (underlined)
Ed. editor’s, translator’s, or compiler’s
name.
2nd ed. (any edition except the 1st).
4 vols. (if the work takes up more than 1
volume).
Name of Series (if book is part of a
series).
City of publication:
Publisher,
Copyright date (use the most recent; don’t
confuse with
printing date)
Page numbers for work within a work.
1. Follow the order exactly and use the correct
punctuation to mark titles and to separate items.
2. Use the hanging indent for each line except the first,
which is flush with the left margin.
3. Italicize the titles of books and names of newspapers
and magazines.
a. Italicize according to the
editor's or instructor's preferences.
4. Put quotation marks around titles of essays, poems,
short stories, and magazine and newspaper articles.
5. When more than one city is listed for the place of
publication, give the first city in the United States or the first city, if
none are cities in the United States.
6. Use shortened names for publishing companies: Norton
for W. W. Norton, UP for University Press, U of Nebraska P for University of
Nebraska Press, etc.
7. Capitalize key words in titles even if they are not
capitalized in the work.
a. Not all key words are
capitalized in some magazine article titles, but capitalize them in the
entries.
8. Abbreviate months when they are required in dates, as
in Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep. Oct., Nov., Dec.
9. Use the international dating format of day month year
as in 26 Oct. 1997.
10. Give inclusive page numbers for works within works,
such as magazine articles, essays, short stories, etc.
a. Give full number for the
ending page number, up to 99, as in 46-58.
b. Omit the hundreds number for
the ending page number, if it is the same as the hundreds number for the
starting page, as in 344-86.
c. If the article appears on
discontinuous pages, use a + sign after the starting page number, as in 45+.
Electronic
sources
Electronic sources refer to sources that you print off
using a computer or CD-Rom.
Remember that electronic
citations are different.
They require that you include a
reference to their original source (if applicable)
and to the electronic source,
such as URL or CD-Rom or database.
Follow this order as much as possible:
Author
Title of the work within work
Title of the work within which
the work appears
Date of that work
Publisher of that work or of
the webpage
Date of access
URL of the webpage or database
Answer these questions as much as possible in this order
for electronic sources:
1.Who wrote it? Could be a
group or individual.
2. What did she/he write?
Put in quotation marks for a
work within a work or italicize if the title of the entire work, such as the
website.
3. Does this work appear in a
larger work or in a print form?
Italicize that title, if
applicable.
4. When was the material
written?
Don’t confuse this date with
when it was put on the site or CD-ROM.
5. Are there page numbers for
the larger source?
6. Who is the sponsor or
vendor?
Often given after the
copyright date at the bottom of the page or often the sponsor of the homepage.
7. What is the date on which
you accessed the information?
8. What is the URL?
Directory
Books
1. Book with one author
2. Book with more than one author (or with two or three
authors—MLA)
3. Book with more than three authors or editors (than six
authors or editors—APA)
4. Book with group or corporate author
5. Two or more works with the same author
6. Book with no author named
7. Edition
8. Book with editor
9. Edited book or anthology
10. One selection from an edited collection or anthology
11. Cross-reference or more than one selection from the
same anthology (MLA only)
12. Article from a collection of reprinted magazine
articles
13. Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword
14. Translated or illustrated book
15. Work in more than one volume
16. Reprint of an older book
17. Book from a series
18. Title within a title
19. Pamphlet
20. Government publication or report
21. Unpublished dissertation
22. Published and unpublished letters
23. Maps, charts, graphs, illustrations
24. Monograph
Reference works
25. Dictionary
26. Signed reference article
27. Unsigned reference article
Periodicals
28. Signed article from daily newspaper
29. Unsigned article from daily newspaper
30. Editorial, letter to the editor, review
31. Article from weekly magazine
32. Article in monthly magazine
33. Journal article with continuous pagination
34. Journal article with single-issue pagination
35. Abstract
36. Unpublished data or survey
Nonprint Sources
37. Interview
38. Lecture or speech
39. Published conference proceedings
40. Film or videotape
41. Recording
42. Live performance
43 Musical composition or work of art
44. Radio or television program
Electronic citations
45. Material from a library server
46. Material with no print source specified
47. Material from electronic journals
48. Electronic text
49. CD-ROM
50. Other electronic sources
MLA Documentation
The basic pattern is author, title of the work used,
publishing information, copyright date. Indent every line except the first
line and double space within each entry. Be sure to put a period at the end of
each entry.
A sample parenthetical citation is given following the
entry.
1. Book with one author
French, Albert. Billy. New York: Penguin, 1993.
Parenthetical citation
(French 88)
2. Book with two or three authors
Schlissel, Lillian, Byrd Gibbens, and Elizabeth Hampsten.
Far From Home: Families of
the Westward Journey. New
York: Schocken, 1989.
Invert the order of the first name only.
Parenthetical citation
(Schlissel, Gibbens, and Hampsten 106)
You must list the last names of all the authors listed in
the works cited entry.
3. Book with more than three authors or editors
Brown, Ruth, et al. Agricultural Education in a
Technical Society: An Annotated
Bibliography of Resources.
Chicago: American Library Assn., 1973.
List the first name given among the authors and use the
abbreviation et al for all other names.
Parenthetical citation
(Brown, et al. 534-35)
You can omit the hundreds number for the second number if
it is in the same hundreds as in the first number. Put a period after al.
since it is an abbreviation of alia.
4. Book with group or corporate author
Editors of American Heritage Magazine. Guide to
America's Greatest Historic Places.
New York: American Heritage, 1985.
If the publisher and the author are the same, use a
shortened form of the author's name for the publisher.
Parenthetical citation
(Editors 199-202)
You can use a shortened form of the first item, but be sure
to give enough information that readers can quickly find the source which you
are citing.
5. Two or more works with the same author
Willis, Connie. Doomsday Book. New York: Bantam,
1992.
---. Uncharted Territory. New York: Bantam, 1994.
Use three hyphens to replace the author's name when using
more than one work by the same author. Alphabetize by the first word in the
title of the book.
Parenthetical citation
(Willis, Uncharted 222)
Give a reference to the title to clarify which work you are
citing. Underline references to titles if the title is underlined in the works
cited entry. If you have two authors with the same last name, use the author's
first name in the citation, as in (Willis, Andy 566)
6. Book with no author named
New 1997 Catalog: The Swiss Colony®. Monroe, WI:
Swiss Colony, 1997.
Parenthetical citation
(New 1997 55)
7. Edition
Da Silva, Zenia Sacks. Beginning Spanish: A Concept
Approach. 2nd ed. New York:
Harper & Row, 1968.
Parenthetical citation
(Da Silva 188)
8. Book with editor and edition
Ferguson, George, and LaVerne Ferguson. 1996-97: Britain
by Rail. Ed. Christian
Martin. 16th ed. Old
Saybrook, CT: Globe Pequot P, 1995.
When you have an editor and an edition, give the editor's
name first.
Parenthetical citation
(Ferguson and Ferguson 122-25)
9. Edited book or anthology
Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp, eds. Literature:
Structure, Sound, and Sense.
6th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1993.
Parenthetical citation
(Perrine and Arp, eds., 62)
Indicate that they are editors.
10. One selection from an edited collection or anthology
Adams, Alice. "Fog." 1989.
Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Laurence
Perrine and
Thomas R. Arp. 6th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1993. 376-85.
The date following the item in quotation marks is the
original publication date for that work. Thus, Adams’s “Fog” was first published
in 1989.
Parenthetical citation
(Adams 380)
11. Cross-reference or more
than one selection from the same anthology
Roethke, Thomas. "I Knew a
Woman." 1954. Perrine and Arp 839.
When using more than one work from an anthology, you can
omit the title of the book, city, publisher, and copyright date once you have
included an entry for an edited book or anthology (See #9). The entries remain
listed in alphabetical order.
Parenthetical citation
(Roethke 839)
12. Article from a collection
of reprinted magazine articles
Stone, Ken, and Richard A. Kalish.
"Of Poker, Roles, and Aging: Description,
Discussion,
and Data." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 4 (1973):
1-13. Rpt. in Aging in America: Readings in Social Gerontology. Ed. Cary
S. Kart and Barbara B. Manard. Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred, 1976. 286-301.
Give the citation for the periodical article first (see #'s
28-34); then give the citation for the edited collection.
Parenthetical citation
(Stone and Kalish 300)
Use the page number from the book source, not from the
magazine source.
13. Introduction, preface,
foreword, or afterword
Bruccoli, Matthew J. Preface.
The Great Gatsby. 1925. By F. Scott Fitzgerald. New
York:
Macmillan, 1992. vii-xvi.
Use this entry when you are using
the Preface rather than the text of the book.
Parenthetical citation
(Bruccoli x)
14. Translated or illustrated
work
Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace.
Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude. Chicago:
Encyclopedia
Britannica, 1955.
Parenthetical citation
(Tolstoy 833-38)
15. Work in more than one
volume
Kettle, Arnold. An
Introduction to the English Novel. New York: Harper, 1968. 2 vols.
Parenthetical citation
(Kettle 1: 45-46)
Use a numeral for the volume number and separate the volume
number from the pages numbers with a colon.
If you are using only one volume of a multivolume work,
state the number of the volume in the bibliographic entry and give publication
information for that volume alone. Then give only page numbers in the
parenthetical citation.
Kettle, Arnold. An
Introduction to the English Novel. Vol. 2. New York: Harper ,
1968.
Parenthetical citation
(Kettle 112-26)
16. Reprint of an older book
Chopin, Kate. The Awakening.
1899. Ed. Margaret Culley. New York: Norton, 1976.
The date 1899 refers to when the
work was first published.
Parenthetical citation
(Chopin 133)
17. Book from a series
Labor, Earle. Jack London.
Twayne's World Author Ser. 230. New York: Twayne,
1974.
Parenthetical citation
(Labor 42)
18. Title within a title
Gibaldi, Joseph. Approaches to
Teaching Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. New York:
Modern
Language Association, 1980.
Do not underline the title within
the title.
Parenthetical citation
(Gibaldi 55)
19. Pamphlet
1997-98 Sentry Student Security Plan. Stevens Point,
WI: Sentry Life Insurance, 1997.
Use the same form for a pamphlet as you do for a book. Give
whatever information is available, including pamphlet number which is placed
after the title and before the city of publication.
Parenthetical citation
(1997-98)
Because many pamphlets do not have numbered pages, use a
shortened form of the title only as the parenthetical citation. Don't assign
page numbers if the pamphlet doesn't have printed page numbers.
20. Government publication
Minnesota. Department of
Administration. Telecommunications Division. State of
Minnesota
1997-1998 Telephone Directory. St. Paul: State of Minnesota, 1997.
Parenthetical citation
(Minnesota)
You do not have a page number in the citation since the
items are arranged alphabetically.
United States. United States
Postal Service. Special Bulk Third-Class Eligibility.
Publication
417. Washington: Corporate Publishing and Information Management, 1995.
Parenthetical citation
(United States 15)
21. Unpublished dissertation
Haymond, Jack. "Participation of
the American Indian in Higher Education from
the College of
the Children of the Infidels (1619) to the Tribally Controlled Community College
Act (1969)." Diss. Washington State U. at Pullman, 1982.
The title is not underlined
because the work is not published.
Parenthetical citation
(Haymond 223)
22. Published and unpublished letters
Blake, William. Letter to William
Haley. 6 May 1800. Blake's Poetry and Designs.
Ed. Mary Lynn
Johnson and John E. Grant. New York: Norton, 1979. 449.
Parenthetical citation
(Blake 449)
Carney, Karen. Letter to Gajen
Ramanathan. 22 Oct. 1997.
Parenthetical citation
(Carney)
Do not assign page numbers, even
if the letter takes up more than one page.
23. Maps, charts, graphs,
illustrations
United States of America. Map. Chicago: Rand
McNally, 1992.
Treat the source as an unsigned book, but indicate the
source's form.
Parenthetical citation
(United States)
24. Monograph
Scott, D. The Lattice of Flow
Diagrams. Programming Research Group-3. Oxford,
England:
Oxford University Computing Laboratory. November, 1970.
A monograph is a scholarly book, article, or tract on a
very specific subject, usually for a specific group. Treat the monograph as a
book; however, if the monograph is unpublished, do not underline the title.
Parenthetical citation
(Scott 23)
25. Dictionary
"Pray." Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary.
1988.
The edition number is indicated in the title. If the
edition number is not so indicated, insert the edition number after the title,
as in 9th ed. 1988.
Parenthetical citation
("Pray")
Use a dictionary entry only if the focus of the paper is on
dictionary entries. Otherwise treat dictionary entries within the text of the
paper by referring to the dictionary's name in the text, as in “Webster’s
Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary defines pray as . . .” Or create a
parenthetical citation, as in ("Pray," Webster's Ninth New Collegiate
Dictionary). If you do the parenthetical citation, you still do not need to
list the dictionary on the Works Cited page. Because reference items are
alphabetized, page numbers are unnecessary in the citations. Since the first
item is in quotation marks, be sure to place it in quotation marks in the
parenthetical citation.
26. Signed reference article
Hardon, John A. "Councils of the Church." Collier's.
1993 ed.
Parenthetical citation
(Hardon)
For specialized encyclopedias, give the full publication
information.
Scraba, Douglas G. “Animal
Virus.” McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology:
1971.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. 115-18.
The entry includes page numbers
because the articles are not in alphabetical order.
Parenthetical citation
(Scraba 116)
27. Unsigned reference article
"Spirostomum." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1993
ed.
Parenthetical citation
("Spirostomum")
28. Signed article from daily newspaper
Slovut, Gordon. "Laser-Drug Combo Proving to be Potent
Cancer Killer." Star Tribune
[Minneapolis-St. Paul] 2
Oct. 1996: A1.
If the newspaper's name does not include the location, put
the location in brackets, but do not underline.
Parenthetical citation
(Slovut A1)
29. Unsigned article from daily newspaper or other
periodical
"To Battle Global Warming, Clinton Gambles on Free-Market
Forces." Chicago Tribune
23 Oct. 1997: A1.
Parenthetical citation
("To Battle" A1)
30. Editorial, letter to the editor, review
"Nothing Ever Happens Here." Editorial. Pelican Rapids
[MN] Press 28 Aug. 1996: 2.
Parenthetical citation
("Nothing Ever" 2)
31. Article from weekly magazine
Wingert, Pat, and Barbara Kantrowitz. "Why Andy Couldn't
Read." Newsweek 27 Oct.
1997: 56+.
If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, use a +
to indicate that the article appears on more than the one page.
Parenthetical citation
(Wingert and Kantrowitz 62)
32. Article in monthly magazine
Lamb, Lynette, Nancy Doyle, and Russell Scott Smith. "Women
of Influence."
Minnesota Monthly November
1997: 58-65.
Parenthetical citation
(Lamb, Doyle, and Smith 59-60)
33. Journal article with continuous pagination
throughout the year
Avallone, Charlene. "What American Renaissance? The
Gendered Genealogy of a
Critical Discourse." PMLA 112 (1997):
1102-20.
In journals that are paged continuously throughout a year,
give the volume number (112) before the year and omit month.
Parenthetical citation
(Avallone 1104)
34. Journal article with single-issue pagination
Meyers, Kent. "Prairieland." North Dakota Quarterly
63.4 (1997): 64-75.
In journals not paged continuously through the year, give
volume and number of issue for that volume (63.4).
Parenthetical citation
(Meyers 64)
35. Abstract
Johnstone, John W. C. "Who
Controls the News." American Journal of
Sociology
87 (1982): 1174-81. Abstract. American: History and Life 20 (1982):
2120.
Parenthetical citation
(Johnstone 2120)
36. Unpublished data or survey
Stein, W. J. "American Indian
Faculty Survey." Unpublished survey, 1992.
Parenthetical citation
(Stein)
37. Interview
DeLong, Rodney. Personal interview. 30 Sept. 1997.
Parenthetical citation
(DeLong)
Harder, Janet. Telephone interview. 26 Mar. 1995.
Parenthetical citation
(Harder)
38. Lecture or speech
Reedy, Penelope. "Beautiful, Beautiful Shane." Grasslands
and Heartlands:
Remembering and Representing the
Great Plains in History and Literature.
Western Literature Association
Convention. Ramada Inn. Lincoln, NE. 3 Oct.
1996.
Parenthetical citation
(Reedy)
39. Published Conference Proceedings
Hannus, M., A. Heikkonen, and J. Laitinen. "Internet in
Construction Projects and
Research." Construction on the
Information Highway, Bled, Slovenia, 10-12
June 1996. Ed. Z. Turk.
Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, 1996.
265-72.
Parenthetical citation
(Hannus, Heikkonen, and Laitenen 270)
40. Film or videotape
The Song of Bernadette.
Dir. Henry King. Perf. Jennifer Jones, William Eythe, and
Vincent Price. 1943.
Videocassette. Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
Parenthetical citation
(Song)
You can omit the word "The" from
the citation.
41. Recording
Lehrer, Tom. Revisited.
Live concert recording of the twelve songs from Songs
by Tom Lehrer.
Audiocassette. Dorset Audio, 1981.
Parenthetical citation
(Lehrer)
42. Live performance
The Phantom of the Opera.
Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Lyrics by Charles
Hart. Dir.
Harold Prince. Perf. Cris Groenendaal, Susan Cuthbert, and Doug LaBrecque.
Manitoba Centennial Concert Hall, Winnipeg. 23 June 1993.
Parenthetical citation
(Phantom)
43. Musical composition or
work of art
Chopin, Frédéric. Polonaise for
Pianoforte in G Minor.
Mention the author and the work if you are citing a work
that you know as itself and not from a musical score. Treat a published score
like you would a book.
Hopper, Edward. Early Sunday
Morning. 1930. Whitney Museum of American
Art, New York.
The Story of American Painting. By Abraham A. Davidson. New York: Harry
N. Abrams, 1974. Plate 105.
When you are citing a work of art or a musical composition
included in a book, give both the location of the work of art and the publishing
information for the book.
Parenthetical citation
(Hopper)
Don't use the plate number as a
page number.
44. Radio or television program
"Chapter 2." Dickens of London.
Dir. Marc Miller. Introd. Alistair Cooke. PBS.
28 Aug. 1977.
Parenthetical citation
("Chapter 2”)
Electronic Citation format
45. Material with Publication Information for a Printed
Source.
When you are citing a printout from a library server that
gives you full-text of the articles:
1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the article (in quotation marks)
3. Name of the periodical (underlined)
4. Date of the periodical (day month year for weeklies; volume and issue number
with year in parentheses for journals
5. If the server gives you number of pages in parentheses, write that number as
3 pp. or 1 p. If there is no number in parentheses, put a period after the year
and go to next step.
6. Name of the computer service, such as SIRS, MnLink, Electric Library, etc.
7. The name of the library (abbreviations allowed, if obvious) and the location
if not obvious
8. Date of access (There is no punctuation after the date of access)
9. The URL of the service’s homepage in angled brackets, or
10. You may also simply end with the date of access.
From Electric Library (or other library service), beginning page
number
Fiore, Nicholas. “From the Tax
Advisor: Corporate Tax Shelters.” Journal of
Accountancy
190.2 (2000): 91- . ELibrary. Northland Community and Tech. Coll. Lib.,
Thief River Falls, MN, 6 Oct. 2005 <http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/search>.
If the database provides only the starting page number for
an article, give that number followed by a hyphen, a space, and then a period.
Parenthetical citation
(Fiore)
Journal from SIRS (or other
library service), no page number given
Lebacqz, Karen, et al.
Human Primordial Stem Cells—Research with
Human Embryonic
Stem Cells: Ethical Considerations.
Hastings Center Report 29.2 (1999): 31-36. SIRS. Northland
Community and Tech. Coll. Lib., Thief River Falls, MN, 6 Oct. 2005 <http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst-portal-res?id=SMN13484-0-9501>.
Parenthetical citation
(Lebacqz et al)
Do not give page numbers for
electronic sources in the parenthetical citations.
Weekly magazine from Electric
Library (or other library service), no page number given
Scott, Stefanie. “One More Time.” Marketplace Magazine 28 Jan. 2003:
30- .
Electric
Library. Northland Community and Tech. Coll. Lib., Thief River Falls, MN. 19
Sep. 2005 <http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/search>.
Parenthetical citation
(Scott)
Monthly magazine from MnLink or another library server,
including number of pages
Scorgie, Kate, and Lorraine
Wilgosh. “Journeys Through the Land of Oz: Parents’ Top
Twenty
Strategies for Managing Life.” Exceptional Parent Nov. 2002: 3pp. MnLink.
Northland Community and Tech. Coll. Lib. Thief River Falls, MN. 22 Nov. 2002.
Parenthetical citation
(Scorgie and Wilgosh)
46. Material with No Printed Source Specified.
Having no specific printed source means that the only form
of this source is that on the Internet or electronic server. Your entry in the
works-cited list should consist of the following items:
1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the material accessed (in quotation marks)
3. Larger work in which the material is found or title of the database
(underlined) (if given)
4. Date of the material (if given)
5. Name of the sponsor of the site
6. Date of access
7. URL after angled brackets
Burbeck, James. “The Normandy Landings.” War Times Journal. 2003. War
Times
Journal. 23 Sep. 2003 <http://www.wtj.com/articles/normandy/>.
Parenthetical citation
(Burbeck)
“Crew Preps for Arm Work, New Experiment.” International
Space Station. 22 Sep.
2003. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. 23 Sep. 2003 <http://
spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/>.
Parenthetical citation
(“Crew”)
“Men Claim Sexual Harassment Too.” CBS News.com. 22
Sep. 2003. CBS
Broadcasting Corp. 23 Sep. 2003
<http://www.cbsnews.com/
stories/2003/09/22/eveningnews/main574507.shtml>.
Parenthetical citation
(“Men”)
Government documents
United States. Dept. of the Treasury. General
Explanations of the Administration’s
Year 2003 Revenue Proposals.
2002. 10 Sep. 2002 <http://www.
Ustreas.gov/taxpolicy/library/bluebk02.pdf>.
Parenthetical citation
(United States)
If you have more than one source with United States as the
first item. Then you must include words from the next item in the entry as well,
as in (United States. Dept. of the Treasury)
Minnesota. Dept. of Agriculture. “West Nile Virus FAQs for
Horse Owners.” Minnesota
Department of Agriculture.
St. Paul, 2002. 10 Sep. 2002 <http://www.mda.state.
mn.us/westnile.htm>.
Parenthetical citation
(Minnesota)
47. Material from Electronic Journals
Your entry in the works-cited list for material from an
electronic journal, electronic newsletter, or electronic conference document
should be similar to one for an article in a print periodical though there are a
few necessary differences. This type of source also has a print form published
separately. The entry should consist of the following items:
1. Name of the author (if given)
2. Title of the article or document (in quotation marks)
3. Title of the journal, newsletter, or conference (underlined)
4. Volume number, issue number, or other identifying number and year or date of
publication (in parentheses) for journals
5. Day month year for magazines
6. Date of access
7. URL (put in angled brackets)
Walker, Alice. “A South Without
Myths.” Sojourner Magazine 23.10 (1994-1995).
23 Sep. 2003
<http://www.sojo.net/index.cfm?action=magazine.article&issue
=soj9412&article=941213>.
Parenthetical citation
(Walker)
48. An Electronic Text
If you plan to study or use an electronic text of a
literary or historical work, remember that not all texts are equally reliable or
authoritative. Be sure to use a text that states the title, editor, and date of
the edition serving as its source.
Your citation of an electronic text should contain the following items:
1. Name of the author (if any)
2. Title of the work (if any) within work in quotation
marks
3. Title of the text (underlined)
4. Publication information for the printed source (editors, edition, city of
publication, publisher, copyright date, etc.)
5. Electronic publication information (title of the Internet sponsor
[underlined], editor of the site, version number, date of electronic
publication, name of any sponsoring institution or organization the electronic
text (e.g., Oxford Text Archive)
6. Date of access
7. URL
Electronic Library
DiRenzo, Anthony. American
Gargoyles: Flannery O’Connor and the American
Grotesque.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993. NetLibrary.com. 23 Sep. 2003
<http://www.netlibrary.com/ebook_info.asp?product_id =2261>.
Parenthetical citation
(DiRenzo)
Complete texts from other
Internet sites
Hardy, Thomas. Far from the Madding Crowd.1874. Ed.
Ronald Blythe.
Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1978. Bibliomania. 13 Jan.
1999
<http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/hardy/crowd/index.html>.
Parenthetical citation
(Hardy)
Twain, Mark. “My Watch: An Instructive Little Tale.” Sketches New and Old.
Hartford, CN: American Publishing, 1875. BoondocksNet.com. Ed.
Jim Zwick.
23 Sep. 2003 <http://www.boondocksnet.com/twaintexts/sno_watch.html>.
Parenthetical citation
(Twain)
Nixon, Richard. Letter of Resignation. 9 Aug. 1974.
NAIL. 13 Jan.
1999 <http://monitor.nara.gov:80/cgi-bin/…/MEDIA/IMAGES 19/28/19-
2752T.GIF%22>.
Parenthetical citation
(Nixon)
49. CD-ROM
There are two types of CD-ROMs: one has a print source outside the CD-ROM
and the other has the electronic source of the CD-ROM. Your works-cited list
should consist of the following items:
1. Name of the author.
2. Title of the work.
3. Title of the book or database. (underlined)
4. For periodicals, date, pages, etc., for the article.
5. Publication medium. (CD-ROM or magnetic tape)
6. Publication information for the printed source (including editor, edition,
publisher, and date of publication of the medium used).
7. Publication information for the CD-ROM itself (including publisher and
copyright date). Omit if the information is the same as for the print source.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. “The Miller’s Tale.” The Norton
Anthology of English Literature:
Audio Companion. Ed. M. H.
Abrams et al. 6th ed. CD-ROM. New York:
Norton, 1996.
Parenthetical citation
(Chaucer)
Garbarino, James. “Young Murderers.” American Educator
Summer 1999: 4+.
InfoTrac: Magazine Index Plus.
CD-ROM. Information Access. Dec. 1993.
Parenthetical citation
(Garbarino)
Leonard, Mary. “‘Boutique Medicine’ Is not for Everybody.”
Boston Globe 6 July
1997: C1. Abstract. Newspaper
Abstracts Ondisc. CD-ROM. UMI-ProQuest.
Mar.1998.
Parenthetical citation
(Leonard)
“African-American History: Abolitionist Movement.”
Encarta Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. CD-
ROM, 2002.
Parenthetical citation
(“African-American”)
Beethoven, Ludwig Van. “Violin Concerto in D Major op. 61.”
Perf. Alexander
Pervomansky. Philhamronia
Slavonica. Cond. Alberto Lizzio. Unforgettable
Classical Melodies.
CD-ROM. Madacy Entertainment, 1997.
Parenthetical citation
(Beethoven)
50. Other Electronic Sources
When citing any sources, add what information you can. Do
so by answering these questions, leaving the material out if the question isn’t
applicable:
a. Who wrote it?
b. What did she/he/they write?
c. Does it appear in a larger work?
d. When was it written?
f. Who sponsored the site?
g. When was it accessed?
h. What is the URL?
Television or Radio Program Transcript
“Summer Jokes.” All Things
Considered. National Public Radio. 20
Aug. 1999. Transcript. NPROnline. 30 Aug. 1999 <http://www.npr.org/
programs/atc/990820.jokes.html>.
Parenthetical citation
(“Summer”)
Advertisement
Bloomberg Life Insurance. Advertisement. 30 Aug. 1999
<http://www.bloomberg.com/
money/insurance/index.html>.
Parenthetical citation
(Bloomberg)
E-mail (give name of author; title of message from subject line (if any);
name of recipient, and date
Lee, Al. “Re: Saturday’s Class.” E-mail to Diane Drake. 15
Jul. 1998.
Parenthetical citation
(Lee)
Home Page
Emblom, George. Church Music and
Liturgical Singing. Professor’s home page.
2001-2003.
Dept. of Music. Church Divinity School of the Pacific. 24 Sep. 2003 <http://www.cdsp.edu/faculty/emblom.html>.
Parenthetical citation
(Emblom)
University or classroom document
Jastrem, Laura. “Romance and
Gender Positions in Twelfth Night.” Online posting. 6
Apr. 2003.
Shakespeare 24. Dartmouth U. 31 Aug. 1999 <http://www.dartmouth.
edu/%7Eengl24 /essays/jastrem.html>.
Parenthetical citation
(Jastrem)